BBCHungarian chemical sludge spill reaches Danube
Toxic red sludge from a spill at an industrial plant in Hungary has reached the River Danube, officials say.
They said alkaline levels that killed all fish in one river were now greatly reduced, but were being monitored.
PM Viktor Orban called the spill an "ecological tragedy". There are fears the mud, which burst out of a reservoir on Monday, could poison the Danube.
Countries downstream from Hungary, including Croatia, Serbia and Romania, are drawing up emergency plans.
A million cubic metres (35m cu ft) of the sludge spilled from a reservoir at an alumina plant in Ajka in western Hungary. Four people were killed and about 100 injured.
The mud also caused massive damage in nearby villages and towns, as well as a wide swathe of farmland.
No victory declaration
Disaster official Tibor Dobson said all life in the Marcal river, which feeds the Danube, had been "extinguished".
The BBC's Nick Thorpe in western Hungary says news that the spill has now reached the Danube is worrying.
Tests are being carried out for two potential hazards - a powerful alkaline solution and heavy metals.
Officials say both are below toxic levels for humans in the Danube and its tributary, the Raba.
But Mr Dobson said this was "by no means a victory declaration".
Dead fish have been spotted in both rivers, Mr Dobson notes.
To save their eco-system, he adds, pH levels must be reduced to 8 from about 9 recently recorded at the confluence of the Raba with the Danube.
The authorities have been pouring a mixture of clay and acid to reduce alkalinity.
"The main effort is now being concentrated on the Raba and the Danube," Mr Dobson said. "That's what has to be saved."
Philip Weller, executive director of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube, told the BBC that that the best one could hope was for the Danube to dilute the toxic sludge.
"It's a rather large amount of water in the Danube that the dilution effects will at least mean that there will not be immediate consequences," he said.
Abandoning villages
Environmental expert Paul Younger of Newcastle University says high alkaline concentrations are an irritant, but not life-threatening for people.
"It's not like a big cyanide spill," he told the BBC.
The sludge itself is a hazardous mixture of water and mining waste containing heavy metals.
The victims are believed to have drowned, with the depth of the fast-moving flood reaching 2m (6.5ft) in places, but many of those injured suffered chemical burns.
On Thursday Mr Orban visited the village of Kolontar, the worst-affected settlement, and said some areas would have to be abandoned.
"Hungary is strong enough to be able to combat the effects of such a catastrophe. But we're still open to any expertise which will help us combat the pollution effects," he added.
Angry villagers confronted a company official in Kolontar on Wednesday evening. They say they plan to sue the firm for damages.
Herwit Schuster, a spokesman for Greenpeace International, described the spill as "one of the top three environmental disasters in Europe in the last 20 or 30 years".
Land had been "polluted and destroyed for a long time", he told AP.
"If there are substances like arsenic and mercury, that would affect river systems and ground water on long-term basis," he added.
First the Gulf of Mexico, now the Danube. Oh joy. Let's just hope that this doesn't turn out as bad as some people have been predicting.
Also, the CEO of the company responsible for the spill has been arrested. Good to hear it.
